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Asterisk™: The Definitive Guide
1
2
...
129
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...
733
734
THIRD EDITION
5
Table of Contents
7
Table of Contents
9
Table of Contents
11
Table of Contents
13
Table of Contents
15
Table of Contents
17
Table of Contents
19
Foreword
21
Foreword
23
Audience
25
Organization
26
Preface
27
Software
28
Conventions Used in This Book
28
Acknowledgments
30
Leif Madsen
32
Jim Van Meggelen
33
Russell Bryant
34
Preface
35
A Telephony Revolution
37
Network Telephony
38
Asterisk: The Hacker’s PBX
40
The Asterisk Community
41
The Asterisk Mailing Lists
42
Asterisk Wiki Sites
43
The IRC Channels
43
Asterisk User Groups
43
The Business Case
44
Asterisk Architecture
45
Modules
47
Bridging Modules
51
Call Detail Recording Modules
51
Channel Event Logging Modules
52
Channel Drivers
53
Codec Translators
54
Format Interpreters
54
Addon Modules
59
File Structure
60
Hardware
62
Asterisk Versioning
62
The New Release Methodology
63
Installing Asterisk
65
Asterisk Packages
66
Asterisk-Based Projects
66
Installation Cheat Sheet
67
Installation Cheat Sheet
69
Distribution Installation
71
Base system update
74
Adding a system user
75
Ubuntu Server
76
Software Dependencies
80
Downloading What You Need
82
Getting the Source via wget
83
How to Install It
84
DAHDI-tools and DAHDI-linux
85
Setting File Permissions
86
Base Configuration
87
Initial Configuration
88
$PATH environment variable
90
The Asterisk Shell Command
91
Base Configuration
93
Uses for menuselect
95
Using menuselect
97
Module Dependencies
98
Scripting menuselect
99
Updating Asterisk
100
You don’t need to run sudo
101
Updating Asterisk
101
Common Issues
102
Upgrading Asterisk
104
Conclusion
105
Initial Configuration Tasks
107
The [options] Section
108
The [files] Section
111
The [compat] Section
111
The [modules] Section
112
CHANNEL(tonezone) function
114
Getting Free Music
115
CentOS Prerequisite
116
User Device Configuration
119
Telephone Naming Concepts
120
Configuring Asterisk
123
[general] section
124
Configuring Asterisk
125
IPv6 in sip.conf
128
PBX Modules
130
Resource Modules
130
Base Configuration
132
Using Code Examples
133
Safari Books Online
133
How to Contact Us
133
The Asterisk CLI
135
Analog Phones
136
Asterisk as a B2BUA
140
Dialplan Basics
143
Contexts
144
Extensions
146
Priorities
147
Priority labels
148
Applications
149
Playback(custom/filename)
150
A Simple Dialplan
151
Using the Dial() Application
155
Argument 1: Destination
156
Argument 2: Timeout
157
Argument 3: Option
157
Argument 4: URI
157
Using Variables
158
Global variables
159
Channel variables
159
Environment variables
160
Pattern Matching
161
. (period)
162
555-1212:
162
The NANP and Toll Fraud
163
Includes
165
Outside Connectivity
167
* But do not collect $200
168
PSTN Circuits
169
Traditional PSTN Trunks
170
Digital telephony
171
Installing PSTN Trunks
172
Configuring digital circuits
174
Configuring analog circuits
178
PSTN Termination
180
PSTN Origination
181
VoIP to VoIP
183
Configuring VoIP Trunks
183
VoIP
185
VoIP
189
Emergency Dialing
190
Emergency Dialing
191
Voicemail
193
The [general] Section
194
198
The [zonemessages] Section
202
The Contexts Section
203
Dialplan Integration
205
[Services]
207
Storage Backends
208
Voicemail Server
210
Dialplan requirements
212
178
214
Internationalization
217
2001/12/Glossary#I18N
218
* key for the dots in
220
Figure 9-3. A balun
222
DAHDI Drivers
223
#) to indicate a
224
Asterisk
225
Asterisk
227
[zonemessages] section
228
Asterisk
229
CHANNEL(language) function
230
Deeper into the Dialplan
231
Operators
232
Dialplan Functions
234
Conditional Branching
235
GotoIf() in an example:
236
Conditional Branching
237
Defining Macros
240
Macros
241
Using Arguments in Macros
242
Defining Subroutines
243
GoSub()
245
Returning from a Subroutine
246
Local Channels
247
Dial() application, like so:
248
Hangup()
249
Storing Data in the AstDB
250
Deleting Data from the AstDB
251
BLACKLIST() function, which
252
Handy Asterisk Features
253
Conferencing with MeetMe()
254
Parking and Paging
257
The [general] section
258
The [featuremap] Section
261
The [applicationmap] Section
261
*CLI> features reload
262
Application Map Grouping
263
Parking Lots
264
Places to Send Your Pages
266
Set paging
267
VoIP paging adaptors
270
Combination paging
270
Zone Paging
271
Internet Call Routing
273
The SIP URI
274
SRV Records
274
Note the trailing dot
275
Modifying sip.conf
276
Standard dialplan
276
DNS and SIP URIs
277
File parsing
278
DNS and SIP URIs
279
Database lookup
280
ENUM and E.164
283
Asterisk and ENUM
285
ISN, ITAD, and freenum.org
286
Got ISN?
287
Testing Your ITAD
290
Security and Identity
292
Toll Fraud
293
Phishing
294
CHAPTER 13
297
Creating a Simple ACD Queue
298
Queue Members
302
Queue Members
303
Using Pause and Unpause
304
Queue Members
305
Queue Members
307
Queue Members
309
The queues.conf File
311
The agents.conf File
317
Advanced Queues
319
Queue Member Priority
320
Advanced Queues
321
Announcement Control
323
Overflow
327
Using Local Channels
329
Advanced Queues
331
MANAGER in the Unique ID
333
Device States
337
Checking Device States
338
Extension States
339
Checking Extension States
340
Extension States
341
SIP Presence
342
Using Custom Device States
343
An Example
344
Distributed Device States
345
Using OpenAIS
346
OpenAIS configuration
347
Asterisk configuration
348
Testing device state changes
349
Using XMPP
350
Installation
351
Creating XMPP accounts
352
Shared Line Appearances
354
Configuration Overview
355
Shared Line Appearances
357
Shared Line Appearances
359
Shared Extension Example
361
Additional Configuration
363
Limitations
364
The Automated Attendant
367
Designing Your Auto Attendant
368
The Greeting
369
The Main Menu
370
Selection #
371
Selection 3
371
Selection 9
371
Selection 0
371
Building Your Auto Attendant
372
The Dialplan
374
CHAPTER 16
377
Installing MySQL for CentOS
379
Installing MySQL for Ubuntu
379
Configuring PostgreSQL
379
Configuring MySQL
381
IDENTIFIED BY
382
PostgreSQL if all is well:
384
Configuring ODBC for MySQL
385
FreeTDS if all is well:
386
Validating the ODBC Connector
387
ODBC_STORAGE from
388
Managing Databases
389
IF() function there
390
${ARG3}
396
Using the ARRAY() Function
398
Using Realtime
404
A Word About Metrics
406
Dynamic Realtime
407
Column name Column type
408
Varchar 6
408
Varchar 128
408
[options]
411
ODBC Voicemail
414
Testing ODBC Voicemail
419
ODBC Voicemail
421
FILE permission
422
ALL access. If you
422
Interactive Voice Response
425
Components of an IVR
426
A Perfectly Tasty IVR
427
IVR Design Considerations
428
A Simple IVR Using CURL
429
Text-to-Speech
431
External Services
433
Calendar Integration
434
Ubuntu dependencies
435
Calendar Integration
437
Triggering a wakeup call
438
Calendar Integration
441
CALENDAR_BUSY()
443
Calendar Integration
445
VoiceMail IMAP Integration
447
CentOS dependencies
448
Compiling the IMAP library
449
Compiling Asterisk
450
Jabber Dialplan Commands
455
JabberSend()
459
Configuring gtalk.conf
461
Skype Integration
465
Skype Integration
467
Skype Integration
469
LDAP Integration
470
Configuring OpenLDAP
471
field, prefixed with {md5}:
472
Configuring res_ldap.conf
473
Configuring extconfig.conf
475
Text-to-Speech Utilities
476
What Is a Fax?
479
Obtaining spandsp
480
Digium Fax For Asterisk
482
Incoming Fax Handling
483
Fax Detection
484
Outgoing Fax Handling
485
File Format for Faxing
486
An Experiment in Email to Fax
487
452
488
Outgoing Fax Handling
489
Fax Pass-Through
490
Quick Start
493
AMI over TCP
494
AMI over HTTP
495
Configuration
496
[username] section
498
Protocol Overview
501
Message Encoding
502
/rawman encoding
504
/manager encoding
505
/mxml encoding
506
Manager events
506
Development Frameworks
507
Interesting Applications
508
“Hello World”:
512
AGI Variants
513
DeadAGI Is Dead
514
FastAGI—AGI over TCP
514
Async AGI—AMI-Controlled AGI
515
AGI Communication Overview
516
Commands and Responses
518
Process-based AGI/FastAGI
521
Async AGI
521
Ending an AGI Session
522
Clustering
525
Hybrid Systems
526
Hybrid Systems
527
Pure Asterisk, Nondistributed
528
Single Database
529
494
530
Replicated Databases
531
496
532
Queue() to
533
498
534
500
536
Distributed Universal Number
539
Discovery (DUNDi)
539
The dundi.conf File
541
General Configuration
543
Initial DUNDi Peer Definition
545
Creating Mapping Contexts
546
${NUMBER}
548
${IPADDR}
548
Allowing Remote Connections
550
Using dbsecret with iax.conf
551
Controlling Responses
552
System Monitoring and Logging
559
Reviewing Asterisk Logs
561
Call Detail Records
563
Dialplan Applications
565
Backends
566
[general] sec
569
Call Detail Records
571
Example Call Detail Records
572
CEL (Channel Event Logging)
573
Channel Event Contents
575
[mytable]
577
• userfield
578
CELGenUserEvent() is used
580
[radius]
581
Example Channel Events
582
Single-party call
583
Two-party call
583
Blind transfer
584
CentOS dependency
587
Ubuntu dependency
587
Installing OpenNMS
588
SNMP
589
Enabling SNMPv3
591
SNMP
593
Web Interfaces
597
Flash Operator Panel
598
Queue Status and Reporting
598
A2Billing
600
Security
601
566
602
Authentication Weaknesses
603
Fail2ban
603
570
606
Encrypted Media
607
Dialplan Vulnerabilities
607
572
608
IAX2 Denial of Service
609
Other Risk Mitigation
610
Resources
611
Conclusion—A Better Idiot
612
CHAPTER 27
613
Closed Thinking
614
Limited Standards Compliancy
614
Slow Release Cycles
615
Paradigm Shift
616
Open Architecture
617
Standards Compliance
618
Passionate Community
618
Low-barrier IVR
619
Conference rooms
621
The Future of Asterisk
622
Speech Processing
623
High-Fidelity Voice
624
Wireless
625
Unified Messaging
626
Challenges
627
VoIP spam
628
Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
628
Bottleneck engineering
628
Regulatory wars
628
Quality of service
629
Opportunities
630
The Future of Asterisk
631
Understanding Telephony
633
Parts of an Analog Telephone
634
Hybrid (or network)
635
Digital Telephony
636
Pulse-Code Modulation
637
0011, and the next
638
Figure A-6. Delineated signal
639
Digital Telephony
639
11001 11000 10110 10001
640
Digital Telephony
641
Nyquist’s Theorem
642
Logarithmic companding
643
Digital Telephony
645
Circuit Types
646
T-carrier circuits
647
Digital Signaling Protocols
648
Signaling System 7
650
Packet-Switched Networks
651
Protocols for VoIP
653
The Need for VoIP Protocols
654
VoIP Protocols
655
Security considerations
656
IAX and NAT
656
Figure B-1. The SIP trapezoid
657
VoIP Protocols
657
SIP and NAT
658
VoIP Protocols
659
H.323 and NAT
660
Proprietary Protocols
661
Codecs
663
Quality of Service
665
User Datagram Protocol
666
Differentiated Service
667
Guaranteed Service
667
Best Effort
668
Why Echo Occurs
668
Hardware Echo Cancellation
669
Asterisk and VoIP
670
Asterisk and VoIP
671
VoIP Security
672
Spoofing
673
What Can Be Done?
673
APPENDIX C
675
Server Hardware Selection
677
Choosing a Processor
680
Small systems
681
Medium systems
681
Choosing a Motherboard
682
Power Supply Requirements
684
Environment
685
Grounding
686
Electrical Circuits
688
The Equipment Room
688
Telephony Hardware
689
Analog interface cards
690
Digital interface cards
690
Channel banks
691
Echo Cancellation
692
Types of Phones
693
Analog telephones
694
ISDN telephones
695
Softphones
696
Telephony Adaptors
697
Communications Terminals
697
Linux Considerations
698
About the Authors
733
Colophon
733
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